Homework - geography

Write definitions:
discharge
lag time
drainage basin
peak rainfall
peak discharge
 

The hydrological cycle

Keywords

Inputs

precipitation (opady) - water in any form that falls from the sky

Transfers

Surface runoff/overland flow (spływ powierzchniowy) - water is not absorbed by soil but flows on the surface

Throughfall - water falling through the leaves 
Stemflow - water flowing through the stems

Infiltration (przenikanie) - the movement of water into the soil

Throughflow - movement of water through the soil

Percolation - when water slowly leaches into the rock

Groundwater flow/base flow - the water that infiltrated flows through the rock

Storage

Surface storage - the water that is stored on the surface in a depression

Interception storage - when plants are storing water on their surface

Vegetation storage - water that is cumulated inside the plant. 

Soil storage - water kept by soil

Groundwater Storage - water stored in rocks  

Channel Storage - water stored in rivers 

Ocean - the biggest body of water, which is salty

Outputs

Evaporation (parowanie) - changing water into water vapor

Transpiration - evaporation of water from plants

Sublimation - water change from ice into gas

other important words:

capacity (zdolność) - amount of water that can move or be stored in a particular place 

permeable (przepuszczalność) - water can move through 

concrete - beton, cement

Eight global warning questions.

What is the definition of global warning?

Global warming is increase of average temperature in the world caused by an excessive amount of carbon dioxide that keeps reflecting rays in the atmosphere which makes the weather hotter. 

What do scientists believe are the effects of global warming?

Scientists believe that global warming will have many bad impacts on the environment. Basic changes that are going to happen will be big flooded areas caused by melting glaciers, such as in the Arctic regions. A lot of animals such as polar bears are going to suffer because of decreasing of the natural surface which used to be their home. Also people who live in the valleys or on the low-lying coast will have to resettle. 

In other parts of the world there is going to be problem with droughts. Hotter temperatures will cause drying of natural water containers and dying from thirst of people, animals and plants. 

Weather is also going to be more unpredictable and variable. A lot of natural disasters such as coastal flooding, hurricanes and twisters will occure.

Climatic zones are also going to change significantly with time.

What do scientists believe are the causes of global warming?
Causes of global warming are 'green-house' gazes such as CO2, CH2, NO2, SO2 mostly producted by factories and cars.

How could global warming affect more economically developed countries?

In MEDCs they have started to have lots of campaigns about rising temperatures affected by global warming and to counteract it. A lot of public transport were replaced by 'ecological' buses, trains, trams that are supposed to emit less carbon dioxide that is related to global changes. Governments are trying to show people how to live more ecologically by making TV campaigns included famous people etc.
Prices are going to rise and zone species are going to change.
Countries will also spend lts of money into defense from flooding instead of improving e.g industry or public health etc. 

How could global warming affect less economically developed countries?

LEDCs are less able to cope with changes. They will suffer more than MEDCs because of having less money to make any step towards this event. 

Poor countries that are mostly related with farming will also suffer a lot because of more costs of taking care of crops. They will also have less fertile land which will affect their lifestyle which is very difficult and will cause even more poverty.

Some people do not believe that global warning is happening. Wh do they think this?
Name some of the things individuals and organization can do to help prevent global warming.
is global warming only negative thing, or could it have some positive impacts.

Lesson summary

What is an earthquake?
It's shaking of the ground caused by sudden movement of tectonic plates.

What causes earthquakes?
Quakes are mostly triggered by tectonic plates that slide past each other or collide against each other.

What effects do earthquakes have?
We can easily divided effects of earthquake into three aspects. Social, economic and environmental. First one includes amount of dead people, homelessness, loss of belongings, disease, crime, hunger, disruption in education. Economic effects contains things as lack of money in banks, disruptions in work, loss of workplaces, damage industry, rising taxes, maybe even recession. And environmental as radiation (long-term impact), collapsed buildings, pollution.

How do countries protect themselves from earthquakes?
Japan is country where earthquakes happens most commonly in the world. It's nothing unusual for people and government there so most of the buildings are specially constructed for such an events. They have very big foundations located on ground which are able to withstand quake up to 7 Richter degrees. Buildings are also much more flexible than anywhere else.

What is a tsunami?
Tsunami are large, powerful waves caused by sudden displacement of large quantities of water in the sea or ocean.

What causes tsunamis?
Common causes for the displacement of large quantities of water are: earth quakes, volcanic activity and landslides. 

What effects do tsunamis have?
These giant waves can travel for thousands of miles across the sea and still have enough energy and force to destroy buildings, trees, wildlife and people. When water is withdrawing takes everything with it which caused big loss of belongings. It has also big impact on plants because salt damage crops.

How do countries protect themselves from tsunamis?
Some countries have network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely alarms to permit evacuation of coastal areas.

Why do poor countries suffer more from tsunami?

Firstly poor countries are less prepared for such an events so damages are much bigger. Rich country (MEDC) usually have warning system which helps to rescue people from death and prepared them to protect valuable things. People from poor country are often badly educated and don't know how to protect themselves to survive. Secondly rich countries have more money for rebuilding and recovery. Economy prosper much better so rich country are less likely to have recession. LEDC need much more time to recover because of lack of money and bad economy.